2019 - Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc. https://cephashri.org Advancing Evidence. Building Healthier Communities Sat, 08 Nov 2025 06:19:53 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.3 https://cephashri.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/cropped-favicon-32x32.png 2019 - Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc. https://cephashri.org 32 32 The Patients Welfare Committee’s role in the care of the sick: A Sokoto case study. In: Khalid, S., Abubakar, M., Dankani, I. M., Baba, Y. T., Sani, I. (Eds) Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges https://cephashri.org/publication/the-patients-welfare-committees-role-in-the-care-of-the-sick-a-sokoto-case-study-in-khalid-s-abubakar-m-dankani-i-m-baba-y-t-sani-i-eds-sustainable-development-goals-in-n/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 06:15:58 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1732 Pain relief-seeking behaviours among literate Nigerians: Any need for public pain education? In: Khalid, S., Abubakar, M., Dankani, I. M., Baba, Y. T., Sani, I. (Eds) Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges https://cephashri.org/publication/pain-relief-seeking-behaviours-among-literate-nigerians-any-need-for-public-pain-education-in-khalid-s-abubakar-m-dankani-i-m-baba-y-t-sani-i-eds-sustainable-development-goals-in/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 06:09:07 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1729 One snake or two? Exploring medical symbols among medical students https://cephashri.org/publication/one-snake-or-two-exploring-medical-symbols-among-medical-students/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 06:04:27 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1726 Background: Symbols play a very crucial role in the culture of a society, and the medical society is not an exception to this. In the world of Orthodox medicine, the Rod of Asclepius is regarded as the true symbol of medicine. However, there exists to be an issue of interchange of the correct medical symbol with another similar symbol (i.e. the Caduceus). This study aims to explore medical students’ knowledge and opinion on the appropriate symbol of medicine. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of 84 medical students at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University (UDU), North-West Nigeria. Study tool was a paper questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using the Epi info 7 Software. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 23.7 (±3.4) years, 72.6% were males, and 73.8% were in their 4th year. Only 59.5% had interest in non-medical literature. Also, only 6.0% had doctors as their parents. The majority (88.1%) of the participants erroneously identified the Caduceus symbol as the most appropriate symbol of medicine. Furthermore, only 45.2% indicated that the Rod of Asclepius and the Caduceus symbols originated from ancient Greece. Virtually all (97.6%) the participants opined that the Caduceus symbol is the most popular symbol of Medicine.

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]]> Background: Symbols play a very crucial role in the culture of a society, and the medical society is not an exception to this. In the world of Orthodox medicine, the Rod of Asclepius is regarded as the true symbol of medicine. However, there exists to be an issue of interchange of the correct medical symbol with another similar symbol (i.e. the Caduceus). This study aims to explore medical students’ knowledge and opinion on the appropriate symbol of medicine. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of 84 medical students at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University (UDU), North-West Nigeria. Study tool was a paper questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using the Epi info 7 Software. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 23.7 (±3.4) years, 72.6% were males, and 73.8% were in their 4th year. Only 59.5% had interest in non-medical literature. Also, only 6.0% had doctors as their parents. The majority (88.1%) of the participants erroneously identified the Caduceus symbol as the most appropriate symbol of medicine. Furthermore, only 45.2% indicated that the Rod of Asclepius and the Caduceus symbols originated from ancient Greece. Virtually all (97.6%) the participants opined that the Caduceus symbol is the most popular symbol of Medicine.

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]]> Opinions of Nigerian religious leaders and seminarians on what causes cancer: A short report https://cephashri.org/publication/opinions-of-nigerian-religious-leaders-and-seminarians-on-what-causes-cancer-a-short-report/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 05:57:05 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1723 Many cancer patients in Nigeria present very late at hospitals for treatment. Studies have shown that the delay is due to the belief that their cancer disease is of a spiritual cause. This study aims to explore the opinions of religious leaders and seminarians in Ibadan City, Oyo State, Nigeria, on the top five aetiology/risk factors of cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 302 religious leaders and seminarians in Ibadan. Study tool was an anonymous questionnaire. Data collected was analysed using SPSS version 16 software. Results: The top five cancer aetiology/risk factors, as indicated by the respondents, were as follows: toxic drugs (58.9%); genetic factors (53.6%); radiation exposure (52%); poison (42.4%); poverty (34.8%). Conclusion: The opinion of the majority of the surveyed religious leaders and seminarians favoured biological, physical and chemical factors as the commonest cancer aetiology/risk factors, although the minority were of the opinion that cancer can also be caused by socioeconomic factors and supernatural forces.

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]]> Many cancer patients in Nigeria present very late at hospitals for treatment. Studies have shown that the delay is due to the belief that their cancer disease is of a spiritual cause. This study aims to explore the opinions of religious leaders and seminarians in Ibadan City, Oyo State, Nigeria, on the top five aetiology/risk factors of cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 302 religious leaders and seminarians in Ibadan. Study tool was an anonymous questionnaire. Data collected was analysed using SPSS version 16 software. Results: The top five cancer aetiology/risk factors, as indicated by the respondents, were as follows: toxic drugs (58.9%); genetic factors (53.6%); radiation exposure (52%); poison (42.4%); poverty (34.8%). Conclusion: The opinion of the majority of the surveyed religious leaders and seminarians favoured biological, physical and chemical factors as the commonest cancer aetiology/risk factors, although the minority were of the opinion that cancer can also be caused by socioeconomic factors and supernatural forces.

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]]> Factors influencing the choice of graduating medics in pursuing a medical career with the Nigeria defence forces: A survey https://cephashri.org/publication/factors-influencing-the-choice-of-graduating-medics-in-pursuing-a-medical-career-with-the-nigeria-defence-forces-a-survey/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 05:52:53 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1721 Objectives: To explore the interest of graduating medical students in the Usmanu Danfodiyo University (UDU), Sokoto, Nigeria, on taking up medical jobs in the Nigeria defence sector. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 63 graduating medical students of UDU, Sokoto, Nigeria. Collected data was analyzed using the SPSS version 16 software. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the 63 respondents was 24.87 (±2.17) years, and the majority (73.0%) of them were males. Only 26 (41.3%) out of the 63 respondents showed interest in taking up a medical job position in the Nigeria defence sector, and the majority (22/26, 84.6%) of them were men. The majority (57.7%) of those respondents who desired working in this sector would like to work with the Nigeria Armed Forces (NAF), and their most desired arm of the NAF was the Nigeria Navy. Personal interest (65.4%), prestige (57.7%), and job security/advancement prospects (38.5%) were the top three motivating factors among those respondents.
that desired a medical job in the Nigeria defence sector.

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]]> Objectives: To explore the interest of graduating medical students in the Usmanu Danfodiyo University (UDU), Sokoto, Nigeria, on taking up medical jobs in the Nigeria defence sector. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 63 graduating medical students of UDU, Sokoto, Nigeria. Collected data was analyzed using the SPSS version 16 software. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the 63 respondents was 24.87 (±2.17) years, and the majority (73.0%) of them were males. Only 26 (41.3%) out of the 63 respondents showed interest in taking up a medical job position in the Nigeria defence sector, and the majority (22/26, 84.6%) of them were men. The majority (57.7%) of those respondents who desired working in this sector would like to work with the Nigeria Armed Forces (NAF), and their most desired arm of the NAF was the Nigeria Navy. Personal interest (65.4%), prestige (57.7%), and job security/advancement prospects (38.5%) were the top three motivating factors among those respondents.
that desired a medical job in the Nigeria defence sector.

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]]> Head and neck cancer risk factors among a pilot sample of Nigerian shisha smokers: Focus on oral sex, tobacco, alcohol, and knowledge of head and neck cancer https://cephashri.org/publication/head-and-neck-cancer-risk-factors-among-a-pilot-sample-of-nigerian-shisha-smokers-focus-on-oral-sex-tobacco-alcohol-and-knowledge-of-head-and-neck-cancer/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 05:49:34 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1719 Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) forms the sixth most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The major risk factors for HNC are tobacco, alcohol, and oral sex. This study aims to determine the prevalence of oral sex and alcohol drinking amongst a pilot sample of shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. This study also explored their knowledge of HNC as well as their attitude towards HNC education. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional pilot study of 45 shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Study tool was a semi-structured questionnaire. Snowballing technique was used in recruiting the study participants. Data collected was analysed using the SPSS version 20 software. Results: The mean age (±SD) of the 45 respondents was 25.8 years. The majority (71.1%) of them were males, 60.0% had tertiary school education, 73.3% were Muslims, and 62.2% were Hausas. Only 8 (17.8%) respondents had ever had oral sex. Only 5 (13.3%) respondents were found to be alcohol drinker and having positive history of oral sex. No statistically significant relationship was observed between the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their alcohol drinking and oral sexual histories. Lastly, the majority (71.1%) of them had never heard of HNC disease before; however, 73.3% showed positive interest in receiving a comprehensive health education on the disease. Conclusion: This study showed that a significant proportion of the surveyed shisha smokers are at higher risk of developing HNC, should they continue in their risky behaviours. In order to prevent young people from developing this killer disease,

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]]> Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) forms the sixth most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The major risk factors for HNC are tobacco, alcohol, and oral sex. This study aims to determine the prevalence of oral sex and alcohol drinking amongst a pilot sample of shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. This study also explored their knowledge of HNC as well as their attitude towards HNC education. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional pilot study of 45 shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Study tool was a semi-structured questionnaire. Snowballing technique was used in recruiting the study participants. Data collected was analysed using the SPSS version 20 software. Results: The mean age (±SD) of the 45 respondents was 25.8 years. The majority (71.1%) of them were males, 60.0% had tertiary school education, 73.3% were Muslims, and 62.2% were Hausas. Only 8 (17.8%) respondents had ever had oral sex. Only 5 (13.3%) respondents were found to be alcohol drinker and having positive history of oral sex. No statistically significant relationship was observed between the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their alcohol drinking and oral sexual histories. Lastly, the majority (71.1%) of them had never heard of HNC disease before; however, 73.3% showed positive interest in receiving a comprehensive health education on the disease. Conclusion: This study showed that a significant proportion of the surveyed shisha smokers are at higher risk of developing HNC, should they continue in their risky behaviours. In order to prevent young people from developing this killer disease,

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]]> Stimulant, narcotic, and hallucinogen use among long distance commercial drivers in Sokoto: A survey on prevalence and consequential knowledge https://cephashri.org/publication/stimulant-narcotic-and-hallucinogen-use-among-long-distance-commercial-drivers-in-sokoto-a-survey-on-prevalence-and-consequential-knowledge/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 05:43:37 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1716 To determine the prevalence of the use of stimulants, narcotics, and hallucinogens among long distance commercial drivers in Sokoto City, Nigeria; to also explore their knowledge on the harmful effects of these psychoactive substances. Methods: this study surveyed a cross-section of 280 long distance commercial drivers in Sokoto City, Nigeria. The study tool was a semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using the SPSS Version 20 Software. Results: All the subjects, 280 (100%), were males with the mean age (±SD) of 40.63 (±10.09) years. Majority, 265 (94.6%), of them were Muslims while most of them (90.4%) were married. Only a fraction of the subjects knew that marijuana (57.5%), local stimulant tea (47.1%), codeine (40.0%), and amphetamine (37.1%) can cause mental illness. Less than one-third of them knew that stimulant, hallucinogen, and narcotic use can cause headache, hand tremor, renal and hepatic diseases, oral cancer, depression, and/or emotional problems. Less than half of the subjects consumed cigarette (47.9%), kola nut (41.8%), and local stimulant tea (gadagi) (27.1%) two weeks prior to their participation in this study. Conclusion: This study showed that stimulants, narcotics, and hallucinogens are commonly used substances among long distance commercial drivers in Sokoto City, Nigeria.

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]]> To determine the prevalence of the use of stimulants, narcotics, and hallucinogens among long distance commercial drivers in Sokoto City, Nigeria; to also explore their knowledge on the harmful effects of these psychoactive substances. Methods: this study surveyed a cross-section of 280 long distance commercial drivers in Sokoto City, Nigeria. The study tool was a semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using the SPSS Version 20 Software. Results: All the subjects, 280 (100%), were males with the mean age (±SD) of 40.63 (±10.09) years. Majority, 265 (94.6%), of them were Muslims while most of them (90.4%) were married. Only a fraction of the subjects knew that marijuana (57.5%), local stimulant tea (47.1%), codeine (40.0%), and amphetamine (37.1%) can cause mental illness. Less than one-third of them knew that stimulant, hallucinogen, and narcotic use can cause headache, hand tremor, renal and hepatic diseases, oral cancer, depression, and/or emotional problems. Less than half of the subjects consumed cigarette (47.9%), kola nut (41.8%), and local stimulant tea (gadagi) (27.1%) two weeks prior to their participation in this study. Conclusion: This study showed that stimulants, narcotics, and hallucinogens are commonly used substances among long distance commercial drivers in Sokoto City, Nigeria.

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]]> Are they using it the right way? A survey of commercial drivers on substance use https://cephashri.org/publication/are-they-using-it-the-right-way-a-survey-of-commercial-drivers-on-substance-use/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 05:39:46 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1713 The indiscriminate use of psychoactive substances (a.k.a. substances) by commercial drivers is a global health problem. Psychoactive substances are drugs that should not be used indiscriminately; hence there should be a cogent reason for their use. This study aims to determine the kinds of psychoactive substances used among commercial drivers in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria, and also explore the sources where these substances are obtained and the purpose of their use. Methods: This study surveyed a cut-section of 280 commercial drivers in Sokoto metropolis using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Questionnaire obtained information on the: demographic profile, recent use of psychoactive substances (i.e. its use two weeks prior to participation in the current study), sources of the psychoactive substances used, and purpose of the use of psychoactive substances among the participants. Results: The average age (±SD) of the 280 participants was 40.63 (±10.09) years and all were males. The psychoactive substances used among the participants, two weeks prior to their participation, were tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamine, cocaine, tramadol, local stimulant tea, kola nut, and caffeine. The street vendors (53%), friends (50.7%), and stores/shops (36.8%) constitute the top three utilized sources for obtaining these substances.

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]]> The indiscriminate use of psychoactive substances (a.k.a. substances) by commercial drivers is a global health problem. Psychoactive substances are drugs that should not be used indiscriminately; hence there should be a cogent reason for their use. This study aims to determine the kinds of psychoactive substances used among commercial drivers in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria, and also explore the sources where these substances are obtained and the purpose of their use. Methods: This study surveyed a cut-section of 280 commercial drivers in Sokoto metropolis using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Questionnaire obtained information on the: demographic profile, recent use of psychoactive substances (i.e. its use two weeks prior to participation in the current study), sources of the psychoactive substances used, and purpose of the use of psychoactive substances among the participants. Results: The average age (±SD) of the 280 participants was 40.63 (±10.09) years and all were males. The psychoactive substances used among the participants, two weeks prior to their participation, were tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamine, cocaine, tramadol, local stimulant tea, kola nut, and caffeine. The street vendors (53%), friends (50.7%), and stores/shops (36.8%) constitute the top three utilized sources for obtaining these substances.

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]]> Poor knowledge of the harmful effects of shisha among shisha smokers: Findings from a preliminary survey in Northwest Nigeria https://cephashri.org/publication/poor-knowledge-of-the-harmful-effects-of-shisha-among-shisha-smokers-findings-from-a-preliminary-survey-in-northwest-nigeria/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 05:36:26 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1711 Background: Tobacco smoking is an addictive behavior with heavy risks accompanying its prolonged practice. Unfortunately, more and more people are indulging in tobacco smoking habits despite the public health education programs going on worldwide about the dangers associated with tobacco smoking behavior. This study aims to survey active shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area (LGA), Kebbi State, Nigeria, on the awareness of the harmful effects associated with shisha smoking. Methods: This study was a survey of 45 active shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi LGA. Snowballing technique was adopted in participants’ recruitment. Study instrument was a questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: Majority (32/45) of the participants were males, 16 had secondary school education, and 19 were within age range of 15 to 24 years. The majority (25/45) of them began to smoke shisha at the age of 18 years or more; also, 20 participants smoked shisha in all the 30 days prior to their participation in this study. Less than half of the study participants knew that: shisha is a stimulant (6/45), shisha smoke contains carbon monoxide (10/45), and the liquid in shisha could be replaced with alcohol (15/45). However, more than half of the participants knew that shisha contains nicotine (23/45) and tobacco (25/45). Only 16, 13, 11, 9, 5, 10, and 13 participants knew that shisha smoking could lead to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, increase in the risk of infections, reduced baby weight in pregnancy, gum and mouth disease, eye disease and blindness,

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]]> Background: Tobacco smoking is an addictive behavior with heavy risks accompanying its prolonged practice. Unfortunately, more and more people are indulging in tobacco smoking habits despite the public health education programs going on worldwide about the dangers associated with tobacco smoking behavior. This study aims to survey active shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area (LGA), Kebbi State, Nigeria, on the awareness of the harmful effects associated with shisha smoking. Methods: This study was a survey of 45 active shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi LGA. Snowballing technique was adopted in participants’ recruitment. Study instrument was a questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: Majority (32/45) of the participants were males, 16 had secondary school education, and 19 were within age range of 15 to 24 years. The majority (25/45) of them began to smoke shisha at the age of 18 years or more; also, 20 participants smoked shisha in all the 30 days prior to their participation in this study. Less than half of the study participants knew that: shisha is a stimulant (6/45), shisha smoke contains carbon monoxide (10/45), and the liquid in shisha could be replaced with alcohol (15/45). However, more than half of the participants knew that shisha contains nicotine (23/45) and tobacco (25/45). Only 16, 13, 11, 9, 5, 10, and 13 participants knew that shisha smoking could lead to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, increase in the risk of infections, reduced baby weight in pregnancy, gum and mouth disease, eye disease and blindness,

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]]> Can reading too much make me run mad? Exploring students’ assumptions and academic performance https://cephashri.org/publication/can-reading-too-much-make-me-run-mad-exploring-students-assumptions-and-academic-performance/ Fri, 08 Nov 2019 05:32:36 +0000 https://cephashri.org/?post_type=publication&p=1709 Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the assumption that ‘reading too much’ could cause madness (i.e., severe mental illness) among medical, nursing, and community health students, and also explore the relationship between these students’ status on this assumption and their academic performance. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted among a convenient sample of medical, nursing, and community health students (n = 122) studying within the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital campus, Sokoto, Nigeria. Study tool was a paper questionnaire, which obtained information on the demographic profile, awareness of ‘madness’, assumption that ‘reading too much’ is a cause of madness, and self-rating of the participants’ academic performance in their current course of study. Data collected was analysed using the SPSS version 20 software. Test of associations between variables were done using Chi square test. Results: The mean age of the 122 respondents was 27.3 years, majority (61.5%) of them were males, and 53.3% were medical students. More than half of the surveyed nursing students (54.2%) and community health students (55.6%), unlike the surveyed medical students (24.6%), had the assumption that reading too much could make them run mad. There was no statistically significant relationship between the assumption that ‘reading too much’ is a cause of mental illness and academic performance of the respondents. Conclusion: Assumption that reading too much could cause madness is a fairly common phenomenon among the surveyed tertiary school students, irrespective of their

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]]> Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the assumption that ‘reading too much’ could cause madness (i.e., severe mental illness) among medical, nursing, and community health students, and also explore the relationship between these students’ status on this assumption and their academic performance. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted among a convenient sample of medical, nursing, and community health students (n = 122) studying within the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital campus, Sokoto, Nigeria. Study tool was a paper questionnaire, which obtained information on the demographic profile, awareness of ‘madness’, assumption that ‘reading too much’ is a cause of madness, and self-rating of the participants’ academic performance in their current course of study. Data collected was analysed using the SPSS version 20 software. Test of associations between variables were done using Chi square test. Results: The mean age of the 122 respondents was 27.3 years, majority (61.5%) of them were males, and 53.3% were medical students. More than half of the surveyed nursing students (54.2%) and community health students (55.6%), unlike the surveyed medical students (24.6%), had the assumption that reading too much could make them run mad. There was no statistically significant relationship between the assumption that ‘reading too much’ is a cause of mental illness and academic performance of the respondents. Conclusion: Assumption that reading too much could cause madness is a fairly common phenomenon among the surveyed tertiary school students, irrespective of their

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